Print



Aug. 11, 1931.

FINISHED Cor Pnsvinsm 2"REVERSED O. M. MILLER PRINT Filed July 10. 1928 .Zfiyj.

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PRINT Application filed July 10,

This invention relates to prints and to the production of accurately graded half-tone tints from untinted drawings for conventional representation and is herein illustrated as applied to the production of hypsometric tints on contour maps.

Hitherto hypsometric tints on maps have been obtained by successive printings with different color plates. Such tints as are recommended for the International map of the world require six color plates for land and two more plates for water, besides the three base plates, black, red and blue, for cultural detail. Some of these tint colors are preferably printed both from a light and a heavy plate. with the result that as many as nineteen impressions may be used in printing a single sheet. Thus the process is slow, eX- pensive, and offers many opportunities for spoiling the work, especiallyfrom imperfect register of the many successive impressions.

According to the present invention many of these and other difficulties are avoided.

,1: According to the present invention the hypsometric tints of the map are shown as evenly toned areas of variously graded half- -tones usually printed from a single plate, though, if it is desired, different cultures may be shown in different colors of graded half tone, such as green for forest, and uncultivated land in sepia, or other conventionalized tints.

To accomplish these results there is first prepared copy, to'nse a printers term, 0 which forms basis from which to work up the desired tints. The copy is, however, preferably not altered itself, but the work may be done on a photographic positive or 40 negative on glass or other material, made from it, either directly or indirectly and either by contact printing or in a camera.

This positive or negative is then used as secondary copy or worksheet from which the ultimate printing plate is eventually made. T 0 thus make the printing plate a series of incomplete exposures are superposed on a sensitized surface from the abovementioned copy, and the surface of the latter copy is altered after each exposure so as to 1928. Serial No. 291,872.

eventually produce the desired effect when the final exposure has been made.

In the case of a hypsometric map the alternation of the worksheet consists in altering the area of the next contour by either painting it over with black or else removing a black surface therefrom. One incomplete exposure is made before the altering of the surface of all the area of the map and leaves a faint developable latent image on the sensitized surface. The second exposure of the sensitized surface causes the surface of the worksheet, where black, to leave the same latent image, while the unaltered unblackened surfaces add to the faint latent image with the result that the parts of the sensitized surface which have twice received the impress of an unblackened surface have a latent image of increased depth. The area of another contour interval is then altered as by blackening and the sensitized surface receives the impress of the map, adding further to the latent image in unblackened parts. The process is thus repeated until the shades of the map are complete in the latent image of the sensitized surface. Then the image is developed in the usual way. From this image showing the graded tints in positive values the printing plate is made in any desired or usual manner for printing the half tones in printing ink.

The foregoing description outlines one procedure in which the desired tints are obtained by rendering non-actinic successive area of the secondary copy as by blackening to prow due-e by photography a positive copy showing the required hypsometric tints, but as will hereinafter appear, the desired successive tints may also be obtained by a reversal of the procedure, viz. by scraping off the areas successively from a copy negative, with intervening incomplete exposures to successively build up a latent image of the parts not scraped away, increasing with the number of incomplete exposures.

Other features and advantages will hereinafter appear.

Figure 1 is a sectional side View, largely diagrammatic, of an apparatus used in carrying out one form of my process.

tint on the finished map;

Figure 2 is a schematic diagram summarizing one procedure for producing the desired maps, in which a positive print of the required tints is built up by photography from a positive copy.

Figure 3 is a schematic diagram summarizing an alternative procedure, in which a halt tone negative or the required tints is built up by photography from a negative copy.

Figure is a schematic diagram summarizing another alternative procedure in which a halt tone negative or the required tints is built up by photography from a positive py Figure 5 is a schematic diagram summarix ing another alternative procedure resembling the procedtne of Figure -l but especially adapted for commercial practice.

Method 1. According to one form of the present invention illustrated in Figure 2, there made from the draftsmans finished copy con mining the conventional lines and, in a map, contour lines, one negative as a starting point'tor the plate oi uniformly graded tints and another identical negative as a starting point for the line plate. Both of these negatives are made, as usual. with the image reversed, that is with an image which is the reflection of the original, so that left hand is right hand and right hand, left hand.

From the negative for making the plate of uniformly graded tints there is made glass positive by contact printin This positive is urn'eversed and is an exact image or reproduction of the copy used as a starting point.

From the positive which serves as secondary copy there is made a series of incomplete exposures by contact printing on the sensitized sui cc of an opal white glass plate. The first. of these incomplete exposures produces a latent image which will ultimately show as the lightest hypsometric The area of the secondary copy positive which is to sho Y as the lightest of the hypsometric tints is then rendered non-actinic or blackened, and a second incomplete exposure made on the opal glass plate so that the area, except that representing the non-actinic part of the secondary copy, now receives an addition to its latent image until the parts representing the unblackened area carry a latent image representing next to the lighest hypsometric tint. Thus new the latent ima on the opal glass plate represents the two lightest successire hypsoinetric tints.

T he area of the secondary copy positive which is. to show as the second lightest oi? the hypsometric tint is then rendered non-actin-ic so that the areas which will eventually show in the finished map the two lightest hypsometric tints are new black. Then a third incomplete exposure is made on the opal glass plate so that the area, except that representing the non-actinic areas of the second. copy, now receives an addition to its latent image until the parts representing the unaltered area carry a latent image representing the third hypsometric tint. Thus now the latent image on the opal glass plate represents the three lightest successive hypsometric tints.

The altering 01 successive areas to render ieni uon-ac'inic and the printing of incomplete images are then continued until all the desired tints are represented in the latent image, after which the image developed and tired on the opal glass plate.

The opal. glass print, a reversed print shows the conventional black lines of the finished map or diagram as white lines against the tinted ba' ground so that when the line plate iniprc sion is made on the linished print there will be no overlapping of lines and tinted areal-5. loreover, in a map, the tops 01? the hills may be light and valleys dark. instead of the contrary which is now. customary. Thus the dark valleys now eed not masl: the cultural line details.

This glass print is now shade or tint copy. roin this tint copy is made in an ordinary ialit tone camera a negative of the required ants, which will be an unreversed negative. rem this last-named negative is made by ntact 1:2riuting the halt-tone ositive plate 7on1 which the tints are printed in a print- .ng press on the proof of the map or dia- For this particular procedure for printing the lines 01' the map or diagram the reversed negative made as a starting point for the line printing plate is turned, or stripped, reversed and remounted, and then from it is made in any usual or desired manner, as by contact printing, the positive line printing plate from which the conventional black or other lin of the map are printed in a printing press.

The linishcd print shows tints as evenly shaded half tone shades with the lines printed in left blank inprinting the half tone tints. Usually, at one side or end, the map or diagram shows a scale of the tints printed with adjacent numerical values.

Method II. According to one procedure for carrying out an alternative method, shown schematically in Figure 3, two identical reversed negatives are made, one as a starting point for the graded tints plate, and the other for line printing plate.

The negative from which i eventually obtained the hypsometrie tints is then used as secondary copy. From it is made a series of incomplete exposures on a sensitized transparent surface behind a halt-tone screen in an ordinary half-tone process camera, the image on the secondary copy being successively cut away step by step as exposures proseed. An apparatus for use in this proce dure is shown in Figure 1.

The half tonecamera 1, with a shu-tter 2, a lens '3, variable diaphragm l, bellows 5, and screen "6, is firmly mounted on the usual base 7 so that it can be focussed. Behind the screen '6 is the sensitive plate 8 which will form the half-tone negative. The camera is focuss'ed on the secondary copy 9 which is mounted in a swinging frame it), carefully built to be swung up repeatedly to focussing position and accurately adjusted there by a stop and lock 11.

Before any exposures are made the ;por-.

onset the image which will be white on the final map are cut away, or scraped clear of silver. An incomplete exposure is then made with a white or illuminated back ground behind the secondary copy, so that a latent image is formed. This image must eventually become "the blaclrof the image on the plate in the camera,

After the first incomplete exp osure thesecondary copy 9 is swung down in its frame 10 so as to rest on the base 7. Then the operator cuts away the partsof the image in the secondary copy whichare to appear as the lightest tint in the finished map or diagram. The secondary copy'is then swung up and a second incomplete exposure made, sufficient to make a new latent image on the plate in the camera of the area in which it will-show the shade neXt lighter than black and to add to the first latent image. I Then 'the'second'ary copy is again's'wung 'downthe operator cuts away'the parts of the image in the secondary copy which are to appear as next to the lightest tint in the finished map or dia- The secondary copy is then swung up, and a third incomplete exposure made, to'impress a new latent image on the plate in thecamera of the area in which it will show the shade two shades lighter than black, and toadd to the previous latent images.

This processis continued until the operator is ready to remove the last of the-silver deposit on the secondary copy. 'The exposure of that completes the last hypsometric tint and the plate in the camera is then developed resulting in a half tone negative. From this negative lsmade the usual half-tone positive printing plate, and from the latter the graded tints of the map or diagram are printed.

The plate for printing the dines-of the drawing is made from the second identical negative'mentioned above,precisely as in the iirs't method and used for printing in the same way.

hlethod I'II. According to one procedure of carrying out a third method, shown schematically in Figure 4, the finished copy, coming from the --draughtsman is photographed, and the resulting reversed negative turned, so that it is, effect, unreversed.

From this turned negative is made a faint or blue reversed print on opal white glass to serve-as secondary copy or worksheet, so that Then the operator renders non-ac'tinic the area which is to be the next shade lighter in the finished print, makes a further incomplete exposure of that on the plate in the camera. The operator then renders non-act-inic the area which is to be one further shade lighter in the finished print, makes an incomplete exposure of that in the camera, and continues the operations until the last area on the secondary copy is re'ady to be exposed, exposes that, and develops the sensitized plate with the successive incomplete'exposures in its latent images, resulting as in Method Tl in a half tone negative of the required tints.

From this developed and fixed negative is prepared in the usual way the halftone printing plate for printing the graded tints.

The plate 'for printing the lines on'the map is made directly from the same turned negative which was used for printing the faintlined secondary copy.

Thus the half tone tint printing plate and the line printing plate should register 'eXa'ctly as both have been made from the same turned negative without any further' turning.

Method IV. According toa fourth method shown schematically in Figure 5, twos'econdary "copies or worksheets are prepared, "one for the hal-f' tone tint plate and one for-the line plate.

According to one procedure for carrying out this method there are two or more identical contact reversed blue prints on opal white glass plates. One oftheseblu'e prints is used as the tints plate secondary copy. First the area which will eventually appear as black in the finished map or diagram is altered or rendered 'non-actini'c on the secondary copy, 'thenthere is made an incomplete exposure on a sensitized plate in the camera behind the screen of the partly altered copy. Then the operator renders non-actinic the area onth'e-secondary 'copy'which will appear in the map asthe neat lighter shade, makes an incomplete exposure of this. This is followed by successive incomplete exposures, until the final area, which is "to appear as white, has been impressed upon the plateas a latent image by an incomplete exposure. Then the "plate when developed "and "fixed lit) is an unreversed half tone negative and is used in the usual way for preparing the half tone positive plate for printing the tints.

The other reversed contact blue print on secondary copy for making the line plate shows on a blue ground the white lines of the original copy. These lines are inked in by a daughtsman in waterproof ink, and then, if necessary, the blue is bleached. From this inked-in plate is made the line printing plate.

It will be noted that the process just described provides guide lines both for inking in the hypsometric tints and for inking in the lines of the plate for line printing the map, but that the blue print lines will not ordinarily show on the plates made from the blue prints.

The unreversed half-tone negative may be used in preparing as many half-tone positive printing plates as are needed for printing the various desired colors on the print. They may be used, for example. to print on a map colors indicating different cultures, such as forested and cultivated land, in different colors but in exactly corresponding hypsometric tints. To make a plate for printing only part of the print in a given color, the area of the printing plate which should not print may be rented or cut away, and the plate which prints another color is rented or cut away at the area where the first plate prints, and so for several plates. Line printing plates may be cut away in similar fashion to print any desired areas in any selected colors.

In this fourth method of producing halftone and line printing plates there is no turning of a negative, thus the resulting distor tion is absent, and the reproductions may be absolutely accurate.

In following the foregoing descriptions it must be remembered that the latent image formed is not directly proportional to the time of exposure or to the amount of light falling on a sensitized surface, so, to make uniformly graded tints from any given emulsion, the time of exposure or the diaphram, or both must be varied according to the characteristics of the emulsion and the time of development. Moreover the emulsions may be carried on any suitable backing. Glass has been named because it is usually most satisfactory, since it does not swell or shrink, but paper positives or celluloid negatives may be used for rough work.

Having thus described certain embodiments of my invention, what I claim is:

1. The process of making accurately graded half tone tints on a print which consists in making a photographic copy of the drawing, successively altering the surface of successive areas on said copy, successively photographing on a single plate the copy after each alteration to build up and add to a la tent image of the successive alterations, and

preparing from the developed latent images a half-tone printing plate.

2. The process of making plates for a hypsometric map which consists in making a photographic copy of the drawn map, successively altering the surface of successive areas on the said copy, photographing on a single plate the copy after each alteration to build up and add to a latent image of the successive alterations, preparing a half tone printing plate from the developed half tone negative, and making a line printing plate from another copy of the original drawing.

3. The process of making plates for printing in two or more colors evenly graded half tones and line printing therewith, which consists in making a secondary photographic worksheet, successively altering the surface of successive areas of the secondary worksheet for producing the plate used for half tone printing, photographing on a single plate after each alteration of it to build up and add to a latent image of the successive alterations, preparing for each color a half tone printing plate from the developed latent images, and making a line printing plate from another secondary worksheet.

l. The process of making plates for printing in two or more colors evenly graded half tones and line printing in two or more colors which consists in making a secondary photographic work sheet, successively altering the successive areas of the secondary work sheet for producing the plates used for half tone printing, photographing on a single plate the work sheet after each alteration of it to build up and add to a latent image of the successive alterations, preparing for each color a half tone printing plate from the developed latent images, drawing on a seconcary work sheet for the line printing plate the lines to be printed by the color line plates, and preparing by photographic processes a line printing plate for each color from the secondary work sheet. 7

5. A print having half-tone tints of accurately graded density, separately printed conventional solid line representations, and a scale printed on the sheet having numerical values printed adjacent specimen tint areas.

6. A print having both solid line representations and evenly graded. half tone representations, the solid lines being printed independently in spaces substantially empty of half tone printing.

l. A print having evenly graded half tone tints of a single color, and solid lines printed independently of the half tone colors.

8. A hypsometric map having altitudes printed in evenly graded hypsometric half tone tints of one color for one conventional representation, other evenly graded half tone tints of another color for another con- 15 entional representation, and solid lines :0 rinted independently of the colors.

1 9. A printed map showing by even half ones of the same color but of diiierent densiies proportional representations of the same henomena, as differences of elevation or denof population, and lines of solid color rinted in spaces substantially free of half tone densities and separating the different densities.

'- 10. A printed map showing by even half tones of diiierent densities and different colors both distribution of different phenomena and proportional distribution of the '1 same phenomena such as altitude and vegatation.

11. The process of reproducing line drawings so that the printed reproductions show in addition to the lines, half tone units of various uniform densities over limited areas, I which consists in photographing on a plate the line drawing, successively obliterating successive areas on said drawing, successively photographing on the same plate the drawing after each obliteration to build up 1 a latent image having successive densities determined by the successive obliterations, developing the latent images, and printing from a half tone printing plate embodying those latent images to obtain the final reproduction.

OSBORN MAITLAND MILLER. 

